BAIL OUT
-to help a person or organization that’s in trouble; leave a dangerous situation in a hurry; remove water from a sinking ship
STILL LIFE
- natureza morta (pinturas)
TO CATCH UP
- colocar os assuntos em dia - To catch up
"We should get together sometime soon and catch up", said Rick when he bumped into a
friend he hadn't seen in years.
- colocar o sono em dia ou colocar a leitura, correspondência em dia...
"Rita is not coming along with us to the club. She needs to catch up on her studies"
"Sue plans to stay home and catch up on her reading over the weekend."
HAND-PICKED
- escolhido a dedo
"Mrs. Ostroff is very careful about the people she chooses to work in this company. All of
her employess are hand-picked."
TO BE GROUNDED
- estar de castigo
"Lucy can't go out and play today. She is grounded."
BACHELOR PARTY
- despedida de solteiro
"How was Tom's bachelor party?
- Oh, you missed out on some great fun."
2 ) FRASES DO DIA A DIA
- Cuide de sua vida! - Mind your own business!
- Qual é a graça? - What's so funny?
- Os negócios estão melhorando! - Business is picking up!
- Agora estamos quites! - Now we are even!
- O cheque voltou! - The check bounced!
- Até aqui tudo bem! - So far so good!
- Ele já era! - He's history!
- Eu cresci ouvindo os Beatles! - I grew up on the Beatles!
- Foi de graça! - That was cheap!
- Isso é um roubo! - That's a rip-off!
- O que é demais é demais! - Enough is enough!
- Rapidinho! - In no time! / In a flash! / In the blink of an eye!
- Sem ressentimentos... - No hard feelings...
- Não enrole! - Don't beat around the bush
- A propósito... - By the way...
- Puxa saco! - Brown nose....
- Não é problema seu! - That's none of your business!
- Me poupe! - Spare me!
- Sua opinião é tão boa quanto a minhaou seja não fazemos a menor idéia! - Your guess is as
good as mine!
- Depende da Lua... - It depends on the Moon!
3 ) DITADOS E PROVÉRBIOS
Diga me com quem andas e eu te direi quem tu eres...
Birds of a feather flock together...
Tudo que é bom dura pouco.
All good things must come to an end.
Querer é poder.
where there's a will there's a way.
Para bom entendedor, meia palavra basta.
A word to the wise is enough;].
4 ) PONTOS GRAMATICAIS
4.1 ) MADE FROM, MADE OF, MADE BY
When you are talking about the materials that are used to make something, you say that it is made of or made from those materials.
Use made from when the original materials have been completely changed and cannot be recognized. Paper is made from wood.
Use made of when the original materials have not been completely changed and you can still see them: a table made of wood.
Do not use made by when you are talking about the materials something is made from: a small purse made of leather (not a small purse made by leather). Made by is used to talk abut the person or company that made something.
All the furniture in this room was made by my grandfather.
4.2 ) THE USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT: actions and situations continuing up to the present (details)
Typical mistakes: I'm waiting for 45 minutes.
We have this house since 1955.
I always liked English people.
When whe want to talk about actions or situations which started in the past and have continued up to the present, we often use the present perfect to show the connection between past and present. Note that we never use a present tense when we say how long a situation has been going on.
I've been waiting for 45 minutes.
We have had this house since 1955.
I have always liked English people.
The present perfect is also used for long actions and situations which started in the past and went on until very recently.
I've painted two rooms since lunchtime.
'You look hot.' -- 'Yes, I've been running"
I've been reading some of your poetry. It's not bad.
Another use of the present perfect is to talk about actions that have been repeated in a period up to the present.
I've written six e-mails today.
James has been seeing a lot of Alice lately.
How often have you been in love in your life?
4.3) WHOEVER, WHATEVER, WHICHEVER, WHENEVER, WHEREVER AND HOWEVER USED AS CONJUCTIONS
Whoever, whatever and so on mean something like 'It doesn't matter, it doesn't make any difference who/what, etc'. There is a grammatical difference. The expressions It doesn't matter who/what, etc can be used with one or more clauses. But whoever, whatever, etc are conjunctions: they can only be used to join two clauses together. Compare:
It doesn't matter where you go; I'll go with you.
it doesn't matter where you go.
4.3.1) Wherever you go, I'll go with you.
But, not: Wherever you go. Other examples:
"There's someone at the door. - Whoever it is, I don't want to see them"
4.3.2) Whatever you say to her, she still keeps smilling.
Come and see me whenever you're in Miami.
4.3.3) WHOEVER - Whoever means no matter who.
Whoever calls, tell them I'm out.
4.3.4) WHATEVER - Whatever means "no matter what". It can be used with a noun (as a determiner) or alone (as a pronoun). Note the word order: whatever cames first in its clause, even it it is the object of the following verb.
Whatever problems you have, you an always come to me for help.
Whatever you do, I'll always love you.
Keep calm, whatever happens.
4.3.5) Whichever - Whichever is used in a similar way to whaterver (but nearly always whit a following noun).
Whichever day you come, we'll be pleased to see you.
I'll take whichever tent you're not using.
4.3.6) Whenever - whenever means 'no matter when' or 'any time when'.
You can phone me whenever you like.
Whenever you come, you'll be welcome.
Wherever - Wherever means 'no matter where'
Wherever you go you'll find Coca-Cola.
We found the people friendly wherever we went.
4.3.7) HOWEVER - however can be used t mean 'in whatever way', 'no matter how'.
However you travel, it'll take you at least two days.
With an adjective or adverb, however means roughly the same as 'even if... very' or 'it doesn't matter how'. Note the word order (however + adjective/adverb + subject + verb).
However rich people are, they always want more. (= Even if people are very rich... or It doesn't matter how rich people are...)
4.4) Reason For vs. To
Reason: For vs To, by Dennis Oliver
(25 April 2001)
Showing Reasons:For and To
Students often find it difficult to choose between for and to when they need to show a reason. Here's how these two words are different:
For - Use for with noun phrases:
A: Why did Bob go to see the doctor?
B: He went there for a checkup / treatment / x-rays /some medicine / an examination / a consultation aboutthe headaches he's been having.
--------------------------------------------------------------
A: Why do you need more money?
B: I need more money for some unexpected bills /extra groceries that we need / repairs to my car /a new pair of shoes / my tuition payment.
--------------------------------------------------------------
A: Why are you going to London?
B: I'm going there for a visit with my uncle /a business meeting / personal reasons / fun andrelaxation / an international conference.
To - Use to with verb phrases:
A: Why did Bob go to see the doctor?
B: He went there to have a checkup / get treatment /have some x-rays taken / get some medicine /have an examination / consult with the doctor aboutthe headaches he's been having.
--------------------------------------------------------------
A: Why do you need more money?
B: I need more money to pay some unexpected bills /buy extra groceries that we need / pay for repairs tomy car / get a new pair of shoes / make my tuition payment.
--------------------------------------------------------------
A: Why are you going to London?
B: I'm going there to visit my uncle / attend a businessmeeting / take care of some personal matters / have funand relax / participate in an international conference.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Note: With verb phrases, in order to can be usedinstead of to:
-- I need more money in order to pay someunexpected bills / buy extra grocerites that weneed / pay for repairs to my car, etc.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Remember: Use for with noun phrases. Use to(or in order to) with verb phrases.
4.5) Differences between the verbs - Speak and Talk
(On the telephone) Hello. This is Roger. Can I speak to Amelia, please? (U.S.: Can I speak with…..?)
2. There is not a completely clear difference between speak and talk. Generally, speak is more formal, not so conversational (jut as a speech is more formal than a talk). Compare:
Can I talk to you for a few minutes about the football match?
I’ll have to speak to that child – he’s getting very lazy.
Can the baby talk yet?
3. Talk usually suggests the idea of a conversational exchange. Speak can be used to refer to the use of language by just one person. Compare:
His throat disease has left him unable to speak.
After she had read out the letter, there was a shocked silence.
Nobody spoke.
After the lecture, coffee was served and people began to talk to one another.
4. Speak (and not usually talk) is used to refer to knowledge of languages, and usually also to the use of languages.
He speaks three languages fluently.
Those people over there are speaking (or talking) German.
5. Talk (and not usually speak) is used in expressions like talk non-sense, talk rubbish.
Speak / talk
Speak and talk have similar meanings. They suggest that someone is using his voice, or that two or more people are having a discussion.We can say:speak to somebody talk to somebody speak to somebody about somethingtalk to somebody about something
How old were you when you learned to speak?What are you talking about?Who were you speaking to on the phone?Who were you talking to on the phone? I was speaking to Mark about cricket.
But we say:
speak a language NOT talk a languagetalk nonsense NOT speak nonsense.Speak to and talk to are used more often than speak with and talk with.
He speaks four languages.Stop talking nonsense!I was talking to Tom yesterday
Other examples:
They talked for a while.(they were in conversation)They speaked for a while.(they made sound)He is talking about the issue.He is speaking of the issue.(both are the same but the prepositions are different)They talk business.(they discuss business)They speak business(wrong)Money talks.(idiom)Money speaks.(we don't use it in this way)He cannot speak.(he is unable to speak)He cannot talk.(he can speak but cannot talk, e.g. he has no power in front of boss)He speaks to her.He talks to her.(both are the same)
5 ) TONGUE TWISTERS
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled peppers?If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
She sells sea shells by the sea shore.The shells she sells are surely seashells.So if she sells shells on the seashore,I'm sure she sells seashore shells.
We surely shall see the sun shine soon.
I thought a thought.But the thought I thought wasn't the thoughtI thought I thought.
6) LETTERS
It is not difficult to write letters in English. A special style is not usually considered necessary, even for business letters; for most letters, an ordinary formal style is perfectly suitable. There are a few rules about how to begin and end different kinds of letter, and how to arrange a letter on the page.
1 - Put your address at the top right-hand corner (house-number first, then street-name, then town, etc). Do not put your name above the address: your name only comes at the end of the letter.
2 - Put the date under the address. There are several ways of writing the date, for instance, 21.3.2007, or 21/03/2007, or 21 March 2007, or March 21st, 2007.
3 - In a business letter, put the name and address of the person you are writing to on the left-hand side of the page (beginning one line lower than the ending of your own address).
4 - Put the 'salutation' (Dear X) on the left of the first line, not in the middle.
5 - Begin the first sentence under the salutation.
6 - If you begin Dear Sir(s) or Dear Madam, finish Yours faithfully... If you begin with the person's name (Dear Mrs. Jones), finish Yours sincerely.... or (more informally) Yours... We sometimes use Yours truly instead of Yours faithfully/sincerely. Friendly letters may begin with the first name (Dear Linda) and finish with an expression like Yours ever or Love.
7 - On the envelope, we put the first name before the surname (family name). The first name may be written in full (Keith Parker), or we may use the initial (K. Parker). If the person has more than one first name, it is common to use only the initials (K.S. Parker). It is common to put a 'title' (Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms, Dr) before the name. Except for Miss, these titles are sometimes written with a full stop (Mr., Mrs.), but not always in British English. Some British people put Esq. (=Esquire, an old courtesy title) after a man's name, instead of using Mr. Before the name of a firm, we often write the title Messrs (an abbreviation of the French word Messieurs, meaning 'Gentlemen').
8 - American usage is different from the British in certain ways.
a - In dates, the month is put before the day (03/21/2007).
b - After the salutation, Americans normally put a colon (Dear Mr. Hawkes: ) or (informally) a comma (Dear Mr Hawkes, ). In British English we either use no punctuation or put a comma.
c - Gentlemen is used instead of Dear Sirs.
d - Your faithfully is not used; common endings are Sincerely, Sincerely yours, Yours sincerely or Yours truly.
e - Americans are often addressed (and sign their names) with the first name in full, followed by the initial of a middle name (Keith S. Parker). this is unusual in Britain.
f - Americans usually write Mr., Mrs., Ms. and Dr. with a full stop.
***Sample letter / American Style - Enclosing Document for Review***
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, COMPANY AND ADDRESS, ex.
John Smith
XYZ Inc.
1234 First Street
Suite 567
Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
I enclose a draft form of [DESCRIPTION OF DOCUMENT, ex. Purchase Agreement] for your review and comment.
Kindly review the document and advise me if you are in agreement with its terms, after which I will prepare copies for signing by us. If you require any changes, I would be happy to discuss them with you.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]
7) E-mail acronyms:
Acronym Expression
BBL Be Back Later
BFN Bye For Now
BRB Be Right Back
BTW By The Way
FWIW For What It’s Worth
HSIK How Should I Know
IAE In Any Event
IMO In My Opinion
IOW In Other Words
JFYI Just For Your Information
LOL Laughing Out Loud
NBD No Big Deal
NOYB None Of Your Business
OIC Oh, I See
OTL Out To Lunch
OTOH On The Other Hand
PMFJI Pardon Me For Jumping In
ROTFL Rolling On The Floor Laughing
TIC Tongue In Cheek
TTFN Ta Ta For Now
TTYL Talk To You Later
WRT With Respect To
WTG Way To Go
X-X-X Hugs
X-O-X -O Hugs and Kisses
8) SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
Should and ought to: making recommendations
Should and ought to have very similar meanings. They are used to express obligations and duty, to give advice, and in general to say what we think it is right or good for people to do.
You ought to / should go and see 'Blazind Saddles' - it's a great movie.
You should have seen his face!
People ought to vote even if they don't agree with any of the candidates.
In most cases, both should and ought to can be used with more or less the same meaning. There is, however, a very slight difference. When we use should, we give our own subjective opinion; ought to has a rather more objetive force, and is used when we are talking about laws, duties and regulations (or when we want to make our opinion sound as strong as a duty or law).
Compare:
You should / ought to go and see Mary some time. (Both possible)
We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don't think we will (Should doesn't sound right here. It would be strange to give oneself advice and say that one was not going to follow it).
WHICH ADVICE DO YOU FOLLOW?
Don't avoid a problem, deal with it!
Don't see all problems as other people's problems. Focus on yourself.
Don't blame people look for solutions!
Look at a problem as an opportunity - to learn something or to achieve something.
Think ahead to prevent to prevent problems.
When something is important, deal with it.
Don't wait until becomes urgent!
Don't always look for 'quick fixes" , or temporary solutions.
Identify the real cause of the problem and work to find a solution to this.
Don't try to change the things you can't change.
Learn to accept them.
What advice would you give to someone who chooses the easiest way out of his/her problems
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