sábado, 14 de março de 2009

Obama Meets With Brazilian Leader


President Obama met with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil on Saturday at the White House
Published on the New York Times March 14, 2009
By Jonathan Ernst/Reuters from The Associated Press
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WASHINGTON (AP) -- President Barack Obama and Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva discussed the economy, energy and the environment Saturday during their first White House meeting.
Both leaders said the Oval Office sit-down was productive and they looked forward to seeing each other at the Group of 20 nations meeting in London early next month, followed by the Summit of the Americas in Trinidad in mid-April.
''I have been a great admirer of Brazil and a great admirer of the progressive, forward-looking leadership that President Lula has shown throughout Latin America and throughout the world,'' Obama said after the meeting.
''We have a very strong friendship between the two countries but we can always make it stronger,'' he said.
Silva said one of the points he raised was ''the importance of President Obama’s election and what it represents to the world and especially to Latin America.''
He said he and Obama ''are truly convinced'' that decisions coming out of the G-20 can resolve the economic crisis.
In a lighter moment, Silva said he tells people at rallies in his country that he prays more for Obama than he does for himself. With so many problems facing Obama in his short time in office, ''I don't want to be in his position,'' Silva said.
To which Obama added: ''I'll tell you what. You sound like you've been talking to my wife.''
Brazil has become a major U.S. trading partner, and its cautious economic policies have helped it weather the global financial crisis better than almost all other major economic powers. Brazil also has huge new sources of offshore oil and is the world's largest exporter of ethanol, which could give it an important role in helping the U.S. wean itself from Venezuelan crude and shift to cleaner sources of energy.
Brazil, however, has seen little progress on its demand that the U.S. lift a 53-cent-per-gallon import tariff on ethanol, a gasoline alternative. Its discoveries in the past two years of some 80 billion barrels of oil could help turn the country into a major crude exporter and put it in better position to bargain with the U.S.
Obama said he has admired Silva's efforts to develop biofuels and wants to follow a similar path developing cleaner sources of energy for the U.S. He acknowledged tensions between the two countries over ethanol, and suggested they can be resolved over time.
''It's not going to change overnight, but I do think that as we continue to build exchanges of ideas, commerce (and) trade around the issue of biodiesel that, over time, this source of tension can get resolved,'' Obama said.,
Silva said biofuel is an ''extraordinary alternative'' and that other countries eventually will jump on the bandwagon. He said that when Obama visits Brazil, ''I'm going to ask him to get inside a car that is run by a flex-fuel engine and he will feel very comfortable.''
Obama said he had such a vehicle but that there aren't enough gas stations in the U.S. that sell gas alternatives. ''So that's one of the areas we need to change, our distribution networks here in the United States,'' he said.
After the meeting and media availability, Obama escorted Silva to his waiting limousine just outside the Oval Office. ''I'll see you in London,'' Obama said.
Silva was the first Latin American leader to sit down with Obama.
Obama also privately raised the custody case of David Goldman, a Tinton Falls, N.J., man who is trying to bring his 8-year-old son back from Brazil. The boy was taken there in 2004 by his mother, who died years later while giving birth. She had divorced Goldman and married a lawyer from Rio de Janeiro. Both children are being raised by the lawyer's family.
This past week, the House unanimously urged Brazil to ''act with extreme urgency'' to return the boy to Goldman. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said she has discussed the case with high-ranking Brazilian officials.
More than 100 people on Saturday afternoon stood in drizzling rain in front of the White House to rally for Goldman's case, many holding signs and chanting loudly about bringing the child back to America. Rep. Chris Smith, R-N.J., who has rallied to help reunite the father and son, read an open letter to Silva at the event, telling the crowd ''justice delayed is justice denied ... the time for action is now.''
On a lighter note, Obama said that when he does visit Brazil, he thinks he should see the nice beaches of Rio de Janeiro and make a trip to the Amazon, joking that Republicans would like to see him get lost there for a while.
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VOCABULARY:
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Looked forward: Past of look forward – phrasal verb to feel pleased and excited about something that is going to happen
Forward-looking: adjective - Someone who is forward-looking always plans for the future.
Leadership: Noun (U) - the position or fact of being the leader
In a lighter moment: expression - in a less tense moment
Rallies: Noun (C) - a public meeting of a large group of people, especially supporters of a particular opinion
Trading partner: Closely involved in buying and selling, or exchanging, goods and/or services between people or countries
Huge: Adjective – Very big
Offshore: adjective, adverb - away from or at a distance from the coast
Wean: phrasal verb (wean somebody off something) - to make someone gradually stop using something that is bad for them
Crude: Noun (U) - oil in a natural state that has not yet been treated
Path: Noun (C) - a route or track between one place and another, or the direction in which something is moving
Acknowledged: Verb (T) to accept, admit or recognize something, or the truth or existence of something
Overnight: adjective, adverb - suddenly and unexpectedly
Jump on the bandwagon: expression - to become involved in an activity which is successful so that you can get the advantages of it yourself
Networks: Noun (C) - a large system consisting of many similar parts that are connected together to allow movement or communication between or along the parts or between the parts and a control centre
Custody case: Legal dispute over the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died
High-ranking: adjective - having an important position in an organization
Drizzling: Verb (I) – Present Continuous of Drizzle - rain in very small light drops
Chanting: Present Continuous of to Chant - verb [I or T] to repeat or sing a word or phrase continuously, or to sing a religious prayer or song to a simple tune
Crowd: group noun [C] a large group of people who have gathered together

quarta-feira, 11 de março de 2009

Adjective Order

In English, it is common to use more than one adjective before a noun -- for example, "He's a silly young fool," or "she's a smart, energetic woman." When you use more than one adjective, you have to put them in the right order, according to type. This page will explain the different types of adjectives and the correct order for them.
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The basic types of adjectives
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Opinion
An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other people may not agree with you). Examples:silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult, polite, fun, hard-working, cute
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Size
A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is.
Size, including adjectives, comparatives and superlatives
·height; e.g. tall, short, high, low; taller, tallest
·width; e.g. wide, narrow, thin, slim; wider, widest
·length; e.g. long, short; longer, longest
·volume; e.g. fat, huge; fatter, fattest
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Age
An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is. Examples:ancient, new, young, old, adolescent, teenage, middle-aged
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Shape
A shape adjective describes the shape of something. Examples:square, round, flat, rectangular, circular, oval,5-sided, hexagonal, irregular
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Color
A color adjective, of course, describes the color of something. Examples:blue, pink, reddish, grey, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, black, black and white, pale blue, reddish brown, bright green
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Origin
An origin adjective describes where something comes from. Examples:French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek
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Material
A material adjective describes what something is made from. Examples:wooden, metal, cotton, paper, ceramic, silver
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Purpose
A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These adjectives often end with "-ing". Examples:sleeping (as in "sleeping bag"), roasting (as in "roasting tin")
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Note: Some Grammar Books give the following order for the Adjectives:
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1. Determiner or article
·........Determiners e.g. this, that, these, those, my, mine, your, yours, him, his, her, hers, they,
.........their, Sam's ; or
·....... Articles - a, an, the
2. Opinion adjective e.g. polite, fun, cute, difficult, hard-working
3. Size, including adjectives, comparatives and superlatives
....height; e.g. tall, short, high, low; taller, tallest
....width; e.g. wide, narrow, thin, slim; wider, widest
....length; e.g. long, short; longer, longest
....volume; e.g. fat, huge; fatter, fattest
4. Shape e.g. circular, oval, triangular, square, 5-sided, hexagonal, irregular
5. Age e.g. new, young, adolescent, teenage, middle-aged, old, ancient
6. Color e.g. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, white, grey, black, black and white, light
.....blue, dark red, pale blue, reddish brown, off-white, bright green, warm yellow
7. Nationality e.g. Hong Kong, Chinese, English, American, Canadian, Japanese
8. Religion e.g. Buddhist, Taoist, Christian, Moslem, pagan, atheist
9. Material e.g. wood, plastic, metal, ceramic, paper, silk
10. Noun used as an adjectivee.g. campus (as in 'campus activities')
11. The noun that the adjectives are describing.
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Sentence structure:
Together the article or determiner, adjective(s) and noun(s) make a 'noun phrase'. Noun phrases can also have adverbs describing the adjectives; e.g. nearly circular; and can also have relative clauses, although these are not discussed on this page.
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Style:
Although it is possible to write a sentence that uses all the categories; e.g. 'my beautiful, long, curving, new, pink, western, Christian, silk wedding dress', it is bad style as it is too long. Try to use less than five adjectives in a single list. Therefore you could say "Have you seen my beautiful new cream silk wedding dress? It's long and curving, and is in western Christian style."
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EXERCISES
1. Which is the correct order?
a small Canadian thin lady
a Canadian small thin lady
a small thin Canadian lady
a thin small Canadian lady
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2. Which is the correct order?
a carving steel new knife
a new steel carving knife
a steel new carving knife
a new carving steel knife
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3. Which is the correct order?
a beautiful blue sailing boat
a blue beautiful sailing boat
a sailing beautiful blue boat
a blue sailing beautiful boat
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4. Which is the correct order?
an old wooden square table
a square wooden old table
an old square wooden table
a wooden old square table
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5. Which is the correct order?
an new French exciting band
a French new exciting band
an exciting French new band
an exciting new French band
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6. Which is the correct order?
a red big plastic hat
a big red plastic hat
a plastic big red hat
a bit plastic red hat
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7. Which is the correct order?
a small Japanese serving bowl
a Japanese small serving bowl
a small serving Japanese bowl
a serving small Japanese bowl
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8. Which is the correct order?
a cotton dirty old tie
a dirty cotton old tie
an old cotton dirty tie
a dirty old cotton tie
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Answers:
1 C
2 B
3 A
4 C
5 D
6 B
7 A
8 D

quinta-feira, 5 de março de 2009

Rules for Commercial Letters

The Start
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Dear Sir or Madam, (*)
_____________________
Dear Mr Sloan, (**)
Dear Mrs Sloan, (**)
Dear Miss Sloan, (**)
Dear Ms Sloan, (**)
_____________________
Dear Mary-Lynn, (***)
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The Finish
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Yours Faithfully, (*)
Yours Sincerely, (**)
Best wishes, (***)
_____________________
American English
Sincerely yours, (**)
Yours truly, (**)
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Notes:
(*) Suitable if you don't know the name of the person you are writing to.
(**) Suitable if you know their name.
(***) Suitable if the person is a close business contact or friend.
in "italic" is possible o change about situation.
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The Reference
With (or In) reference to your advertisement on today's newspaper...
..................................................... your purchase order #1536...
......................................................your phone call today....
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The Reason for Writing
I am writing to enquire about....
...........................apologize for.....
........................... confirm....
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Requesting
Could you possibly........?
I would be grateful if you could.....
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Agreeing to Request
I would be delighted to .....
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Giving bad news
Unfortunately....
I'm afraid that.....
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Enclosing / Attaching Documents
I am enclosing ..... / I am attaching ....
Please find enclosed..... / Please find attached....
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Close letters with a friendly phrase or reference to future contact
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Closing Remarks
Thank you for your help.
Please contact us again if, you have any questions.
............................................ there are any problems.
.............................................we can help you in any way.
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Reference to Future Contact
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
............................. meeting you next Tuesday in your office.
..............................seeing you next week.

Easter Holiday


Easter (Greek: Πάσχα, Pascha) is the most important religious feast (festa religiosa) in the Christian liturgical year. Christians believe that Jesus was resurrected from the dead three days after his crucifixion, and celebrate this resurrection on Easter Day or Easter Sunday[ (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday), two days after Good Friday (Sexta-Feira Santa). The chronology of his death and resurrection is variously estimated between the years 26 and 36 A.D.
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Easter also refers to the season of the church year called Eastertide or the Easter Season. Traditionally the Easter Season lasted for the forty days from Easter Day until Ascension Day but now officially lasts for the fifty days until Pentecost. The first week of the Easter Season is known as Easter Week or the Octave of Easter. Easter also marks the end of Lent, a season of prayer (orações) and penance (penitência).
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Easter is a moveable feast, meaning it is not fixed in relation to the civil calendar. Easter falls at some point between late March and late April each year (early April to early May in Eastern Christianity), following the cycle of the moon. After several centuries of disagreement, all churches accepted the computation of the Alexandrian Church (now the Coptic Church) that Easter is the first Sunday after the Paschal Full Moon, which is the first moon whose 14th day (the ecclesiastic "full moon") is on or after March 21 (the ecclesiastic "vernal equinox").
Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover not only for much of its symbolism but also for its position in the calendar.
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Many cultural elements, such as the Easter Bunny, have become part of the holiday's modern celebrations, and those aspects are often celebrated by many Christians and non-Christians alike.
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Lights, candles (velas) and bonfires (fogueiras) mark celebrations in many countries. Roman Catholics often put the candles in the church out on Good Friday (Sexta-Feira Santa) and light them again with the Pascal Candle or Easter Candle, on Easter Day.

Eggs are a symbol of the new life that returns to nature at Easter Time. The custom of exchanging eggs began long before Easter was celebrated. It was a custom of the Egyptians and the Persians. They exchanged eggs decorated in Spring colors. They believed Earth hatched from an egg which contributed to this custom. Early Christians used red colored eggs to symbolize the Resurrection. In England they began writing messages and dates on their eggs and exchanging them with friends and loved ones. In the 1800's, candied eggs were made. They were open on one end and a scene was put inside. They were used as table centerpieces.
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Rabbits symbolized new life and rebirth in ancient Egypt. They considered it a symbol of the moon as the moon determines the date of Easter. The Easter Bunny's visit is based upon a German Legend. The legend goes that a poor woman decorated eggs for her children to find during a famine. At the moment they found them, they looked up to see a big bunny hopping away.